Inherits System::Security::Cryptography::RSA, and System::Security::Cryptography::ICspAsymmetricAlgorithm.

Public Member Functions
ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API	RSACryptoServiceProvider ()
	Constructor. Uses default parameters. More...

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API	RSACryptoServiceProvider (const SharedPtr< CspParameters > &parameters)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API	RSACryptoServiceProvider (const RSAParameters &parameters)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API	RSACryptoServiceProvider (int32_t key_size)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API	RSACryptoServiceProvider (int32_t key_size, const SharedPtr< CspParameters > &parameters)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API SharedPtr< CspKeyContainerInfo >	get_CspKeyContainerInfo () override
	Gets a CspKeyContainerInfo object. More...

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API String	get_KeyExchangeAlgorithm () override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API int32_t	get_KeySize () override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	get_PersistKeyInCsp () const

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void	set_PersistKeyInCsp (bool value)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	get_PublicOnly () const

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API String	get_SignatureAlgorithm () override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	Decrypt (const ByteArrayPtr &rgb, bool use_oaep)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	Decrypt (ByteArrayPtr data, SharedPtr< RSAEncryptionPadding > padding) override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	Encrypt (const ByteArrayPtr &rgb, bool use_oaep)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	Encrypt (ByteArrayPtr data, SharedPtr< RSAEncryptionPadding > padding) override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	ExportCspBlob (bool include_private_parameters) override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API RSAParameters	ExportParameters (bool include_private_parameters) override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void	ImportCspBlob (ByteArrayPtr key_blob) override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void	ImportParameters (RSAParameters parameters) override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	SignData (const ByteArrayPtr &buffer, const SharedPtr< Object > &halg)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	SignData (const SharedPtr< IO::Stream > &input_stream, const SharedPtr< Object > &halg)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	SignData (const ByteArrayPtr &buffer, int32_t offset, int32_t count, const SharedPtr< Object > &halg)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	SignHash (ByteArrayPtr hash, HashAlgorithmName hash_algorithm, SharedPtr< RSASignaturePadding > padding) override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	SignHash (const ByteArrayPtr &rgb_hash, const String &str)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	VerifyData (const ByteArrayPtr &buffer, const SharedPtr< Object > &halg, const ByteArrayPtr &signature)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	VerifyHash (const ByteArrayPtr &rgb_hash, const String &str, const ByteArrayPtr &rgb_signature)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	VerifyHash (ByteArrayPtr hash, ByteArrayPtr signature, const HashAlgorithmName &hash_algorithm, SharedPtr< RSASignaturePadding > padding) override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void	Dispose () override
	Frees data associated with object. More...

Public Member Functions inherited from System::Security::Cryptography::RSA
virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	DecryptValue (ByteArrayPtr rgb)

virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	EncryptValue (ByteArrayPtr rgb)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void	FromXmlString (String xml_string) override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API String	ToXmlString (bool include_private_parameters) override

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	SignData (const ByteArrayPtr &data, const HashAlgorithmName &hash_algorithm, const SharedPtr< RSASignaturePadding > &padding)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	SignData (const ByteArrayPtr &data, int32_t offset, int32_t count, const HashAlgorithmName &hash_algorithm, const SharedPtr< RSASignaturePadding > &padding)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr	SignData (const StreamPtr &stream, const HashAlgorithmName &hash_algorithm, const SharedPtr< RSASignaturePadding > &padding)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	VerifyData (const ByteArrayPtr &data, const ByteArrayPtr &signature, const HashAlgorithmName &hash_algorithm, const SharedPtr< RSASignaturePadding > &padding)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	VerifyData (const ByteArrayPtr &data, int32_t offset, int32_t count, const ByteArrayPtr &signature, const HashAlgorithmName &hash_algorithm, const SharedPtr< RSASignaturePadding > &padding)

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	VerifyData (const StreamPtr &stream, const ByteArrayPtr &signature, const HashAlgorithmName &hash_algorithm, const SharedPtr< RSASignaturePadding > &padding)

Public Member Functions inherited from System::Security::Cryptography::AsymmetricAlgorithm
virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void	set_KeySize (int32_t value)

virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ArrayPtr< SharedPtr< KeySizes > >	get_LegalKeySizes ()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void	Clear ()
	Releases all resources. More...

Public Member Functions inherited from System::Object
ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API	Object ()
	Creates object. Initializes all internal data structures. More...

virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API	~Object ()
	Destroys object. Frees all internal data structures. More...

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API	Object (Object const &x)
	Copy constructor. Doesn't copy anything, really, just initializes new object and enables copy constructing subclasses. More...

Object &	operator= (Object const &x)
	Assignment operator. Doesn't copy anything, really, just initializes new object and enables copy constructing subclasses. More...

Object *	SharedRefAdded ()
	Increments shared reference count. Shouldn't be called directly; instead, use smart pointers or ThisProtector. More...

int	SharedRefRemovedSafe ()
	Decrements and returns shared reference count. Shouldn't be called directly; instead, use smart pointers or ThisProtector. More...

int	RemovedSharedRefs (int count)
	Decreases shared reference count by specified value. More...

Detail::SmartPtrCounter *	WeakRefAdded ()
	Increments weak reference count. Shouldn't be called directly; instead, use smart pointers or ThisProtector. More...

void	WeakRefRemoved ()
	Decrements weak reference count. Shouldn't be called directly; instead, use smart pointers or ThisProtector. More...

Detail::SmartPtrCounter *	GetCounter ()
	Gets reference counter data structure associated with the object. More...

int	SharedCount () const
	Gets current value of shared reference counter. More...

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void	Lock ()
	Implements C# lock() statement locking. Call directly or use LockContext sentry object. More...

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void	Unlock ()
	Implements C# lock() statement unlocking. Call directly or use LockContext sentry object. More...

virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	Equals (ptr obj)
	Compares objects using C# Object.Equals semantics. More...

virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API int32_t	GetHashCode () const
	Analog of C# Object.GetHashCode() method. Enables hashing of custom objects. More...

virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API String	ToString () const
	Analog of C# Object.ToString() method. Enables converting custom objects to string. More...

virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ptr	MemberwiseClone () const
	Analog of C# Object.MemberwiseClone() method. Enables cloning custom types. More...

virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API const TypeInfo &	GetType () const
	Gets actual type of object. Analog of C# System.Object.GetType() call. More...

virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	Is (const TypeInfo &targetType) const
	Check if object represents an instance of type described by targetType. Analog of C# 'is' operator. More...

virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void	SetTemplateWeakPtr (uint32_t argument)
	Set n'th template argument a weak pointer (rather than shared). Allows switching pointers in containers to weak mode. More...

virtual ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	FastCast (const Details::FastRttiBase &helper, void **out_ptr) const
	For internal purposes only. More...

template<>
bool	Equals (float const &objA, float const &objB)

template<>
bool	Equals (double const &objA, double const &objB)

template<>
bool	ReferenceEquals (String const &str, std::nullptr_t)

template<>
bool	ReferenceEquals (String const &str1, String const &str2)

Static Public Member Functions
static ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool	get_UseMachineKeyStore ()

static ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void	set_UseMachineKeyStore (bool value)

Static Public Member Functions inherited from System::Security::Cryptography::RSA
static ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API SharedPtr< RSA >	Create ()
	Creates default RSA aglorithm implementation. More...

static ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API SharedPtr< RSA >	Create (const String &alg_name)

static ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API SharedPtr< RSA >	Create (int32_t key_size_in_bits)

static ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API SharedPtr< RSA >	Create (const RSAParameters &parameters)

static ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API SharedPtr< RSA >	CreateFromXmlString (const String &xml_string)

Static Public Member Functions inherited from System::Security::Cryptography::AsymmetricAlgorithm
static ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API SharedPtr< AsymmetricAlgorithm >	Create ()

static ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API SharedPtr< AsymmetricAlgorithm >	Create (const String &alg_name)

Static Public Member Functions inherited from System::Object
static bool	ReferenceEquals (ptr const &objA, ptr const &objB)
	Compares objects by reference. More...

template<typename T >
static std::enable_if<!IsSmartPtr< T >::value, bool >::type	ReferenceEquals (T const &objA, T const &objB)
	Compares objects by reference. More...

template<typename T >
static std::enable_if<!IsSmartPtr< T >::value, bool >::type	ReferenceEquals (T const &objA, std::nullptr_t)
	Reference-compares value type object with nullptr. More...

template<typename T1 , typename T2 >
static std::enable_if< IsSmartPtr< T1 >::value &&IsSmartPtr< T2 >::value, bool >::type	Equals (T1 const &objA, T2 const &objB)
	Compares reference type objects in C# style. More...

template<typename T1 , typename T2 >
static std::enable_if<!IsSmartPtr< T1 >::value &&!IsSmartPtr< T2 >::value, bool >::type	Equals (T1 const &objA, T2 const &objB)
	Compares value type objects in C# style. More...

static const TypeInfo &	Type ()
	Implements C# typeof(System.Object) construct. More...

Additional Inherited Members
Public Types inherited from System::Object
typedef SmartPtr< Object >	ptr
	Alias for smart pointer type. More...

Detailed Description

RSA algorithm in CSP form. Objects of this class should only be allocated using System::MakeObject() function. Never create instance of this type on stack or using operator new, as it will result in runtime errors and/or assertion faults. Always wrap this class into System::SmartPtr pointer and use this pointer to pass it to functions as argument.

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ RSACryptoServiceProvider() [1/5]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::RSACryptoServiceProvider ( )

Constructor. Uses default parameters.

◆ RSACryptoServiceProvider() [2/5]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::RSACryptoServiceProvider ( const SharedPtr< CspParameters > & parameters )

Constructor. Not implemented.

Parameters

parameters Algorithm parameters.

◆ RSACryptoServiceProvider() [3/5]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::RSACryptoServiceProvider ( const RSAParameters & parameters )

Constructor.

Parameters

parameters Algorithm parameters.

◆ RSACryptoServiceProvider() [4/5]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::RSACryptoServiceProvider ( int32_t key_size )

Constructor.

Parameters

key_size Key size in bits.

◆ RSACryptoServiceProvider() [5/5]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::RSACryptoServiceProvider	(	int32_t	key_size,
		const SharedPtr< CspParameters > &	parameters
	)

Constructor. Not implemented.

Parameters

key_size	Key size in bits.
parameters	Algorithm parameters.

Member Function Documentation

◆ Decrypt() [1/2]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::Decrypt	(	const ByteArrayPtr &	rgb,
		bool	use_oaep
	)

Decrypts message. Not implemented.

Parameters

rgb	Data to decrypt.
use_oaep	True to use OAEP padding, false to use PKCS#1 v1.5 padding.

Returns: Decrypted data array.

◆ Decrypt() [2/2]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::Decrypt	(	ByteArrayPtr	data,
		SharedPtr< RSAEncryptionPadding >	padding
	)

overridevirtual

Decrypts input data using the specified padding mode.

Parameters

data	Byte array to decrypt.
padding	Padding mode.

Returns: Decrypted data in byte array format.

Reimplemented from System::Security::Cryptography::RSA.

◆ Dispose()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::Dispose ( )

overridevirtual

Frees data associated with object.

Reimplemented from System::Security::Cryptography::AsymmetricAlgorithm.

◆ Encrypt() [1/2]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::Encrypt	(	const ByteArrayPtr &	rgb,
		bool	use_oaep
	)

Encrypts message. Not implemented.

Parameters

rgb	Data to encrypt.
use_oaep	True to use OAEP padding, false to use PKCS#1 v1.5 padding.

Returns: Encrypted data array.

◆ Encrypt() [2/2]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::Encrypt	(	ByteArrayPtr	data,
		SharedPtr< RSAEncryptionPadding >	padding
	)

overridevirtual

Encrypts input data using the specified padding mode.

Parameters

data	Byte array to encrypt.
padding	Padding mode.

Returns: Encrypted data in byte array format.

Reimplemented from System::Security::Cryptography::RSA.

◆ ExportCspBlob()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::ExportCspBlob ( bool include_private_parameters )

overridevirtual

Exports blob with information on key. Not implemented.

Parameters

include_private_parameters Whether to include private key parameters in blob.

Returns: Blob with key information.

Implements System::Security::Cryptography::ICspAsymmetricAlgorithm.

◆ ExportParameters()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API RSAParameters System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::ExportParameters ( bool include_private_parameters )

overridevirtual

Exports CSP parameters.

Parameters

include_private_parameters Whether to include private key parameters in blob.

Returns: Data structure with CSP parameters.

Implements System::Security::Cryptography::RSA.

◆ get_CspKeyContainerInfo()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API SharedPtr<CspKeyContainerInfo> System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::get_CspKeyContainerInfo ( )

overridevirtual

Gets a CspKeyContainerInfo object.

Implements System::Security::Cryptography::ICspAsymmetricAlgorithm.

◆ get_KeyExchangeAlgorithm()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API String System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::get_KeyExchangeAlgorithm ( )

overridevirtual

Checks key exchange algorithm associated with object.

Returns: Key exchange algorithm name.

Reimplemented from System::Security::Cryptography::RSA.

◆ get_KeySize()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API int32_t System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::get_KeySize ( )

overridevirtual

Gets key size used by algorithm.

Returns: Key size in bits.

Reimplemented from System::Security::Cryptography::AsymmetricAlgorithm.

◆ get_PersistKeyInCsp()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::get_PersistKeyInCsp ( ) const

Checks whether key is persisted in CSP object.

Returns: True if key is persisted, false otherwise.

◆ get_PublicOnly()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::get_PublicOnly ( ) const

Checks if public key only is present in CSP object.

Returns: True if public key is present and private one is not, false otherwise.

◆ get_SignatureAlgorithm()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API String System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::get_SignatureAlgorithm ( )

overridevirtual

Gets signature algorithm associated with CSP object.

Returns: Signature algorithm name.

Reimplemented from System::Security::Cryptography::RSA.

◆ get_UseMachineKeyStore()

static ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::get_UseMachineKeyStore ( )

static

Checks whether the key persists in machine store instead of user store.

Returns: True if the key should be persisted in machine store, false if it should be persisted in user store.

◆ ImportCspBlob()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::ImportCspBlob ( ByteArrayPtr key_blob )

overridevirtual

Imports blob with information on key. Not implemented.

Parameters

key_blob Previously exported blob with key information.

Implements System::Security::Cryptography::ICspAsymmetricAlgorithm.

◆ ImportParameters()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::ImportParameters ( RSAParameters parameters )

overridevirtual

Imports CSP parameters.

Parameters

parameters Data structure with CSP parameters.

Implements System::Security::Cryptography::RSA.

◆ set_PersistKeyInCsp()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::set_PersistKeyInCsp ( bool value )

Defines whether key is persisted in CSP object.

Parameters

value True to persist the key, false otherwise.

◆ set_UseMachineKeyStore()

static ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API void System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::set_UseMachineKeyStore ( bool value )

static

Defines whether the key persists in machine store instead of user store.

Parameters

value True if the key should be persisted in machine store, false if it should be persisted in user store.

◆ SignData() [1/3]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::SignData	(	const ByteArrayPtr &	buffer,
		const SharedPtr< Object > &	halg
	)

Computes the signature of specified input value.

Parameters

buffer	Buffer to read input data from.
halg	Hash algorithm to use.

Returns: RSA signature for specified data.

◆ SignData() [2/3]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::SignData	(	const SharedPtr< IO::Stream > &	input_stream,
		const SharedPtr< Object > &	halg
	)

Computes the signature of specified input value.

Parameters

input_stream	Stream to read data being signed from.
halg	Hash algorithm to use.

Returns: RSA signature for specified data.

◆ SignData() [3/3]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::SignData	(	const ByteArrayPtr &	buffer,
		int32_t	offset,
		int32_t	count,
		const SharedPtr< Object > &	halg
	)

Computes the signature of specified input value.

Parameters

buffer	Buffer to read input data from.
offset	Input buffer slice beginning index.
count	Input buffer slice size.
halg	Hash algorithm to use.

Returns: RSA signature for specified data.

◆ SignHash() [1/2]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::SignHash	(	ByteArrayPtr	hash,
		HashAlgorithmName	hash_algorithm,
		SharedPtr< RSASignaturePadding >	padding
	)

overridevirtual

Computes the signature for the specified hash value.

Parameters

hash	Hash value.
hash_algorithm	Hash algorithm.
padding	Padding mode. return RSA signature for the specified hash.

Reimplemented from System::Security::Cryptography::RSA.

◆ SignHash() [2/2]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API ByteArrayPtr System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::SignHash	(	const ByteArrayPtr &	rgb_hash,
		const String &	str
	)

Computes the signature of specified input value. Not implemented.

Parameters

rgb_hash	Hash value of data to be signed.
str	Hash algorithm identifier used to create the hash.

Returns: RSA signature for specified data.

◆ VerifyData()

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::VerifyData	(	const ByteArrayPtr &	buffer,
		const SharedPtr< Object > &	halg,
		const ByteArrayPtr &	signature
	)

Checks data signature.

Parameters

buffer	Data to check signature for.
halg	Hash algorithm to use.
signature	Signature as received.

Returns: True if signature is valid, false otherwise.

◆ VerifyHash() [1/2]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::VerifyHash	(	const ByteArrayPtr &	rgb_hash,
		const String &	str,
		const ByteArrayPtr &	rgb_signature
	)

Checks data signature.

Parameters

rgb_hash	Hash calculated for received data.
str	Name of hash algorithm used.
rgb_signature	Signature as received.

Returns: True if signature is valid, false otherwise.

◆ VerifyHash() [2/2]

ASPOSECPP_SHARED_API bool System::Security::Cryptography::RSACryptoServiceProvider::VerifyHash	(	ByteArrayPtr	hash,
		ByteArrayPtr	signature,
		const HashAlgorithmName &	hash_algorithm,
		SharedPtr< RSASignaturePadding >	padding
	)

overridevirtual

Verifies that the signature of the specified hash is valid.

Parameters

hash	Hash value of the signed data.
signature	Signature data.
hash_algorithm	Hash algorithm.
padding	Padding mode. return true if signature is valid, otherwise - false.

Reimplemented from System::Security::Cryptography::RSA.

Public Member Functions

Static Public Member Functions

Additional Inherited Members

Detailed Description

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

◆ RSACryptoServiceProvider() [1/5]

◆ RSACryptoServiceProvider() [2/5]

◆ RSACryptoServiceProvider() [3/5]

◆ RSACryptoServiceProvider() [4/5]

◆ RSACryptoServiceProvider() [5/5]

Member Function Documentation

◆ Decrypt() [1/2]

◆ Decrypt() [2/2]

◆ Dispose()

◆ Encrypt() [1/2]

◆ Encrypt() [2/2]

◆ ExportCspBlob()

◆ ExportParameters()

◆ get_CspKeyContainerInfo()

◆ get_KeyExchangeAlgorithm()

◆ get_KeySize()

◆ get_PersistKeyInCsp()

◆ get_PublicOnly()

◆ get_SignatureAlgorithm()

◆ get_UseMachineKeyStore()

◆ ImportCspBlob()

◆ ImportParameters()

◆ set_PersistKeyInCsp()

◆ set_UseMachineKeyStore()

◆ SignData() [1/3]

◆ SignData() [2/3]

◆ SignData() [3/3]

◆ SignHash() [1/2]

◆ SignHash() [2/2]

◆ VerifyData()

◆ VerifyHash() [1/2]

◆ VerifyHash() [2/2]